Ex;
D : She says, “I am a student”
ID : She says that she is a student.
b. D : Ina has said to him, “I miss you”
ID : Ina has said to him that she misses him.
USAGE:
Untuk melaporkan kembali ucapan-ucapan yang disampaikan oleh si pembaca.
Aturan-aturan merubah kalimat langsung ke kalimat tidak langsung;
1. Jika induk kalimat langsung berbentuk (S. Present, Present Perfect, S. future) maka kalimat tak langsung, tenses-nya tidak berubah (tetap).
2. Jika induk kalimat langsung berbentuk (past) maka kalimat tak langsung akan berubah tenses-nya, baik keterangan waktu/ tempat.
PERUBAHAN TENSES :
- S. Present → S. Past
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous Tense
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect →Past Perfect Cont
- Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous →Tetap
- S. Future → Past Future
- Future Continuous → Past Future Continuous →Past F Perfect C
- Future Perfect → Past Future Perfect →Tetap
- Future Perfect Continuous → Past Future Perfect Continuous →Tetap
PERUBAHAN AUXIALIARY MODAL :
1. Will/ Shall →Would/ Should
2. Can →Could
3. May →Might
4. Must →Had to
5. Have to/ Has to →Had to
6. Could →Could have
7. Might →Might have
PERUBAHAN WAKTU DAN TEMPAT
1. Now →Then
2. Yesterday →The day before
3. Last week →The week before
4. Two days ago →Two days before
5. Today →That day
6. Tommorrow →The following day/ next day
7. Next month →The following month
8. Here →There
9. This →That
1. These →Those
Artinya;
1. Sekarang → Lalu/ kemudian
2. Kemarin → Sehari sebelum
3. Pekan lalu → Seminggu sebelum
4. Dua hari yang lalu → Dua hari sebelum
5. Hari ini → Hari itu
6. Besok → Hari berikutnya / hari berikutnya
7. Bulan depan → Bulan berikutnya
8. Disini → Disana
9. ini (tunggal) →Itu (tunggal)
10. Ini (jamak) → Itu (jamak)
DIRECT INDIRECT dibagi menjadi 3 macam :
1. Statement (Pernyataan)
2. Question (Pertanyaan)
3. Command (Perintah)
1. Statement : kata penghubungnya (conjuntion) “THAT’’
Ex;
a. D : She says, “I am a student”
ID : She says that she is a student.
b. D : Ina has said to him, “I miss you”
ID : Ina has said to him that she misses him.
2. Question
*) Introgative →Conjuntion ‘If or Wheter’
Ex;
a. D : Ani asks him, “Do you know my dictionary ?’’
ID : Ani asks him if he knows her dictionary
b. D : He asked me, “Can you help me to carry my bag ?”
ID : He asked me if I could help him to carry his bag.
*) Question Word →Conjuntion “Question word’’ itu sendiri
Ex;
a. D : Rina asks her mother, “Where is my hat ?’’
ID : Rina asks her mother where her hat is.
b. D : The boy asked her, “How many cards will we buy for our friends ?”
ID : The boy asked her if how many cards they would buy for their friends.
3.Command (perintah)
*) Negative Command “not to’’
*) Positive Command “to’’
Ex;
a. D : He said to her, “Don’t come late !’’
ID : He suggested her not to come late.
b. D : She asks me, “Please mail my letter !”
ID : She asks me to mail her letter.
c. D : They asked him, “Don’t be lazzy to face your future !”
ID : They asked him not to be lazzy to face his future.
d. D : Father asked us, “Do what I do !”
ID : Father asked us to do what he did.
Keterangan:
D : Direct/ Langsung
ID: Indirect/ Tidak langsung
